Turanism is a political ideology that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily among the Turkic peoples and Hungarians. It is based on the concept of Turan, a term used in Persian literature to refer to the lands to the north and east of Iran, inhabited by Turkic and Uralic peoples. The ideology advocates for the cultural, political, and economic unity of these peoples, who are seen as sharing a common history, language, and culture.
The roots of Turanism can be traced back to the 19th century, when the idea of a shared Turkic identity began to gain traction among intellectuals in the Ottoman Empire and Hungary. This was a period of intense nationalism, and many different ethnic and cultural groups were seeking to assert their distinct identities. The idea of Turanism offered a way for Turkic and Uralic peoples to do this, by emphasizing their shared heritage and common destiny.
The ideology of Turanism was further developed in the early 20th century, particularly in the context of the political upheavals following the First World War. In the newly formed Turkish Republic, for example, Turanism was seen as a way to forge a new national identity, distinct from the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire. In Hungary, Turanism was embraced by some as a way to reconnect with the country's ancient roots and to challenge the Treaty of Trianon, which had resulted in significant territorial losses.
However, Turanism has also been associated with more radical and expansionist political movements. In the 1930s and 1940s, for example, some proponents of Turanism advocated for the creation of a pan-Turkic state, encompassing all Turkic and Uralic peoples. This idea was often linked to fascist and ultra-nationalist ideologies, and was used to justify aggression and territorial expansion.
In the post-war period, Turanism has largely been a marginal ideology, although it has seen a resurgence in some quarters in recent years. Today, it is often associated with cultural and linguistic revival movements, rather than political or territorial ambitions. However, the idea of a shared Turkic identity continues to have a significant influence on the politics and culture of many Turkic and Uralic peoples.
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